Hierarchies: grouping information to be remembered into categories and possibly into hierarchies consisting of major and minor concepts. Relevance: making the material to be remembered personally relevantĪnd through the following organizational procedures:Ĭhunking: organizing the material to be remembered into groups, as, for example, telephone numbers are arranged-(area code) (three digits) (four digits).
Visual imagery: formation of visual images of things to be rememberedĮlaboration: developing an association/link to the topic to be remembered Shallow (structural) processing focuses on the physical characteristics of the written word intermediate (phonemic) processing focuses on phonemic encoding (the sound of the word) and deep (semantic) processing focuses on semantic encoding (the meaning of the word). The Osgood semantic dimensions have been effective in producing PI release.
Consider, for example, the possible processing levels concerning a word projected briefly on a screen. When repeated presentation of words in one class followed by a shift to words in another class leads to improved recall (PI release), the classes are considered encoding categories. Information may also be encoded at different levels of processing.
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